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Issued July 24, 1916. 

S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, 
A. D. MELVTN, Cheep of Bureau. 



Instructions 

Concerning the Work of the 

Field Inspection 
Division. 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1916. 



Issued July 24, 1916. 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

U.S.BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, 

A. D. MELVIN, Chief of Bureau. 



Instructions 

Concerning the Work of the 

Field Inspection 
Division. 




WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OEEICE. 

1916. 



sfr 



CONTENTS 



2^ 
I. 



^ 



Page. 

Tick eradication and movement of southern cattle 3 

Interstate shipments of cattle for immediate slaughter 3 

Interstate shipments of cattle for purposes other than imme- 
diate slaughter 3 

Cleaning and disinfecting cars, boats, and premises 5 

Arsenical dip and cattle dipping . 5 

Reports of inspections and dippings 8 

Reports of inspect ions and dippings for interstate movement. . 9 

Inspection at public stockyards 9 

Cattle and sheep scabies 10 

Preparation of dips 10 

Directions for testing dips 11 

Frequent tests of dips required 14 

Directions for dipping cattle 14 

Directions for dipping sheep 15 

General directions for dipping 17 

Subsequent classification of dipped animals 19 

Diverting shipments of clean cattle 19 

Reporting inspections and dippings for scabies 20 

Unloading and diverting in transit 22 

Detection of disease in transit. 23 

Directions to inspectors in charge of stations 23 

Immunization and movement of swine at public stockyards 24 

Lip-and-leg ulceration of sheep 26 

Cleaning, disinfecting, and reporting cars 26 

(2) 

D. of D. 
AUG 19 1916 



INSTRUCTIONS CONCERNING THE WORK 
OF THE FIELD INSPECTION DIVISION. 



TICK ERADICATION AND MOVEMENT OF SOUTH- 
ERN CATTLE. 

1. Cattle of the quarantined area shall not move or be 
allowed to move in any manner interstate except as pro- 
vided for in sections 1,2, and 3 of regulation 2. 

Interstate shipments of cattle for immediate 
slaughter. — 2. Interstate shipments of cattle from points 
in the quarantined area may be made by rail or boat for 
immediate slaughter, provided: 

(a) That proper facilities are furnished and permission is 
first obtained from the proper State official at the place of 
destination. 

(6) That the cars are properly placarded "Southern 
cattle" and each waybill, conductor's manifest, memoran- 
dum, and bill of lading pertaining to such shipments is 
plainly marked '"Southern cattle" in accordance with 
section 1 of regulation 2. 

(c) That when quarantined cattle are unloaded within 
the free area they shall be handled over special platforms, 
chutes, alleys, and yards in accordance with section 2 of 
regulation 2. 

(d) That when the cattle are unloaded within the quar- 
antined area no special pens are required unless necessary 
under State regulations. 

Interstate shipments of cattle for purposes other 
than immediate slaughter. — 3. Cattle of the quaran- 
tined area or other cattle exposed to or infested with ticks, 
which have been dipped twice 7 to 12 days apart in arsen- 
ical solution showing a minimum test of twenty-two hun- 
dredths (0.22) per cent under supervision of a bureau 

(3) 



inspector, may be moved interstate for any purpose, 
provided they are certified by the inspector to be free from 
ticks and are handled in accordance with section 3, regu- 
lation 2. 

4. Cattle in areas where tick eradication is being system- 
atically conducted, or any cattle presented at a properly 
equipped dipping station which are free from ticks, may 
after one dipping under supervision of a bureau inspector 
in arsenical solution which tests 0.22 per cent be shipped 
for any purpose after certification by the inspector. 

5. Cattle in the quarantined area dipped once under 
State or bureau supervision in arsenical solution showing 
a minimum test of 0.22 per cent maybe shipped as ' ' Dipped 
ticky cattle" to a dipping station under bureau supervi- 
sion, where they may, if free from ticks, be given the sec- 
ond dipping after 7 days and not more than 12 days from 
the date of first dipping in arsenical solution showing a test 
oi 0.22 per cent, after which they may be shipped interstate 
for any purpose, provided they are certified to by a bureau 
inspector and are handled in accordance with section 3, 
regulation 2. 

6. Cattle in areas in which systematic tick eradication 
is being conducted and which are on premises known to be 
free from ticks may upon inspection and certification be 
moved interstate for any purpose without dipping in 
accordance with section 3, regulation 2. 

7. When free cattle are unloaded in quarantined area for 
rest, feed, and water, properly equipped pens must be 
provided for them in accordance with section 4, regula- 
tion 2. 

The hay, straw, or similar materials used for free cattle 
handled in the quarantined area shall be from the free 
area. 

8. All tick-infested cattle whether of the quarantined 
or free areas are subject to the regulations governing the 
movement of cattle of the quarantined area (sec. 7, regu- 
lation 2). 



9. Horses, mules, and asses infested with ticks must be 
treated in the same manner as tick-infested cattle (sec. 10, 
regulation 2). 

Cleaning and disinfecting cars, boats, and prem- 
ises. — 10. Cars and boats which have carried southern 
cattle interstate shall be cleaned and disinfected under 
bureau supervision by the final carrier at destination, 
unless: 

(a) The cars are used within 48 hours for reforwarding 
southern cattle. 

(b) At the point of destination there is no bureau in- 
spector, in which case the transportation company shall 
seal, bill, and forward the infectious cars to a point at 
which bureau inspection is maintained. 

(c) At the point of destination there is bureau inspection 
but no facilities for cleaning cars, in which case they may 
be moved elsewhere, provided the transportation company 
first receives permission from the bureau (sec. 11, regu- 
lation 2). 

11. Cars used for carrying cattle within the quarantined 
area shall be cleaned and disinfected before being moved 
interstate to the free area, except cars containing cattle 
shipped for immediate slaughter (par. 2, sec. 11, regula- 
tion 2). 

12. The litter and manure removed from infectious 
cars, boats, other vehicles, pens, chutes, alleys, or other 
premises shall be destroyed or disinfected under bureau 
supervision (par. 3, sec. 11, regulation 2). 

Arsenical dip and cattle dipping. — 13. The best 
way of preparing arsenical dip is the self-boiled method 
known as "S-B dip" and described in Farmers' Bulletin 
603. 

Great care should be exercised in the preparation of the 
dip; the directions given in the bulletin should be strictly 
observed. 

(a) The S-B dip is prepared in two parts, the tar and 
part of the caustic soda in a galvanized wash tub, and the 
caustic soda, arsenic, and sal soda in a barrel or other large 



6 



container. A barrel is a good container in which to mix 
the ingredients. 

(6) The high-strength arsenical solution used when 
cattle are dipped to be moved interstate requires the fol- 
lowing materials to make 500 gallons of dip showing a 
minimum test of 0.22 per cent. 

4} pounds caustic soda (at least 85 per cent pure, dry, 

granulated). 
10 pounds white arsenic (99 per cent pure in fine 

powder). 
10 pounds sal soda crystals. 
1 gallon pine tar. 

(c) The low-strength arsenical solution used in tick- 
eradication work requires the following materials to make 
500 gallons of dip showing a minimum test of 0.175 per 
cent: 

4 pounds caustic soda (85 per cent pure). 
8 pounds white arsenic (99 per cent pure). 
8 pounds sal soda crystals. 
1 gallon pine tar. 

(d) It is very important that the capacity of each vat 
be ascertained by measuring it. See Farmers' Bulletin 
603. 

(e) When the ingredients are thoroughly dissolved the 
solution should not be poured into the vat all at one time. 
It should be equally distributed and poured in gradually. 
Before dipping the cattle the solution should be thoroughly 
stirred and then tested so as to determine its strength (see 
Department Bulletin 76). If the test shows that the 
solution is weak it should be brought up to the required 
strength — 0.19 per cent in the one case, and 0.24 per cent 
in the other — as outlined in Farmers' Bulletin 603. 

(/) Whenever the arsenical solution becomes dirty the 
vat should be cleaned out and a new solution made. 
Where 300 to 400 cattle are being dipped every 14 or 21 
days the solution should last for 3 or 4 months, provided 
that fresh solution is added from time to time to replace 
that carried out by the cattle and to keep it up to standard 
strength. 



(g) The disposal of dirty or old arsenical solution is very 
important. It should not be drained into creeks, ponds, 
or rivers; neither should it be poured on the surface of the 
ground. A good plan is to dig a trench 8 feet long and 5 
feet deep and pour the old solution into it. 

(h) Bureau employees should caution owners or persons 
in charge to handle cattle carefully and treat them 
humanely at dipping vats. It is dangerous to dip cattle 
when they are hot. The best results are obtained when 
cattle are dipped early in the morning. 

(i) When cattle are dipped under supervision for inter- 
state shipment they should not be loaded in cars until 
their hair and hide is dry. As certificates are required 
for such shipments the inspector should not issue them 
until the cattle are dry. 

(j) In systematic tick-eradication work all dippings 
should be supervised by county, State, or Federal inspec- 
tors. There should be a sufficient number of dipping vats 
in every county engaged in tick-eradication work so that 
the animals will not have to be driven long distances. 
In farming districts the vats should be located so that no 
cattle will have to be driven more than 2 miles. There 
should be a sufficient number of county inspectors so that 
an inspector can supervise the dipping at every vat. No 
inspector should have more than 10 vats to look after, and 
in free-range territory 7 or 8 vats are sufficient for one 
inspector. 

(k) Each inspector should have a record of the herds 
and number of cattle tributary to each vat, and he should 
see that all herds and all the cattle of each herd are brought 
to the vat regularly and dipped. If the owner fails to 
bring his cattle or leaves some of them behind the inspector 
should notify him the same day to bring them to the vat 
and have them dipped in accordance with the regulations. 

(I) It is important that the slide where the cattle enter 
the vat should be smooth so as to avoid cutting the animals 
or injuring them in any way. The inspector who super- 
vises the dipping of cattle should see that the heads of 

47096°— 16 2 



animal- are immersed once. Cattle should be allowed to 
remain in the draining pen or chute until the dripping of 
solution from the animals ceases. 
Reports of inspections and dippings. — 14. F. I. 

Form 48-BB, in duplicate, should be used to report all 
inspections and dippings of cattle in connection with tick 
eradication, and should be forwarded promptly to the 
office of the inspector in charge. The original copy should 
be kept at the office of the inspector in charge; the dupli- 
cate copy may be sent to the State official in charge of the 
work, if he desires a record. In territory in which system- 
atic dipping is conducted one report on F. I. Form 48-BB 
in duplicate may be used for the entire number of cattle 
dipped at each vat every regular dipping day until it is 
considered advisable to report such infested herds sepa- 
rately. 

15. F. I. Form 48-G is used to record dipping operations 
by each supervising employee; one form to be used 
for each dipping vat within areas doing systematic work. 
This card will show the number of cattle dipped, the num- 
ber of free and infested cattle, and the per cent of the solu- 
tion as determined by the test and reported by local in- 
spectors on F. I. Form 48-BB. 

Whenever the inspector in charge considers it advisable, 
a separate 48-G card may be used for each herd instead of 
for each vat. 

The office of the inspector in charge shall keep a 48-G 
record similar to the record kept by the employees located 
in the field. 

16. F. I. Form 48-H shall be rendered monthly by the 
inspector in charge for each county or parish engaged in 
cooperative tick eradication, whether preliminary, educa- 
tional, or systematic work. This report shall show in addi- 
tion to men employed the number of cattle inspected, 
quarantined, dipped, etc., and the amounts spent by the 
county, State, and Federal Governments for salaries and 
expenses incurred by the county and State in the building 
of dipping vats and the purchase of supplies used in tick 



9 



eradication work; both amounts may be included under 
the same total for State and county respectively. These 
monthly reports should be forwarded to the Washington 
office on or before the 8th day of each month. 

17. F. I. Form 48-J shall be kept at the office of the 
inspector in charge for each county and parish engaged in 
cooperative tick eradication. 

Reports of inspections and dippings for interstate 
movement. — 18. F. I. Form 21 is used to report cattle 
reloaded from quarantine pens. The original should be 
forwarded to the Washington office, and copies should be 
sent to inspectors in charge at points in transit and at 
destination. 

19. F. I. Form 48 should be used to cover the interstate 
movement of cattle of the quarantined area permitted 
under bureau inspection and certification. 

20. F. I. Form 48-A for dipping and F. I. Form 48-B 
for inspections should be rendered to the inspector in 
charge for all cattle inspected or dipped for interstate 
movement. 

21. F. I. Form 48-C should be rendered by the in- 
spector in charge at the close of each month. When this 
form is rendered to cover operations at public stockyards 
it supersedes F. I. Form 19. In the first column under 
inspections classed as infected enter the total number of 
cattle received and handled in the quarantine pens each 
day . Under ' ' Remarks ' ' enter total for month of * ' Dipped 
ticky cattle "; also total number of certified free cattle from 
quarantined area. 

Inspection at public stockyards. — 22. In checking 
waybills covering shipments of cattle from the quaran- 
tined area a memorandum should be made of all consign- 
ments accompanied by a statement, as " Dipped ticky 
cattle," or a certificate, as "Free cattle," and lists should 
be prepared of all shipments originating in territory adja- 
cent to the quarantined area in order that such cattle may 
be inspected especially for ticks. 



10 



CATTLE AND SHEEP SCABIES. 

Preparation of dips. — 23. The lime-and-sulphur dip 
for cattle scabies is made in the proportion of 12 pounds of 
unslaked lump lime or 16 pounds of commercial hydrated 
lime (not air-slaked) and 24 pounds of flowers of sulphur 
to 100 gallons of water. 

Directions for preparation of 100 gallons of dip. — 
Weigh out the lime and sulphur. Place the lime in a 
shallow, water-tight box similar to a mortar box, or some 
suitable vessel, and add enough water to form a lime paste 
or lime putty. Sift into this lime paste the flowers of 
sulphur and stir well; then place the lime-and-sulphur 
paste in a kettle, boiler, or tank containing 30 gallons of 
boiling water. Boil the mixture for two hours at least, 
stirring frequently; add water occasionally to maintain the 
original quantity. Allow the mixture to settle in the tank 
or draw the entire contents of the kettle or boiling tank into 
a large tub, barrel, or settling tank placed near the dipping 
vat and provided with a bunghole about 4 inches from the 
bottom, and then allow ample time to settle until the liquid 
is clear. When fully settled, draw off the clear liquid into 
the dipping vat, taking care not to allow any of the sedi- 
ment to accompany it, as the sediment will injure the wool. 
The clear liquid thus obtained only requires the addition of 
sufficient clear warm water to make a solution containing 2 
per cent sulphid sulphur. By bringing the total up to 100 
gallons the dip will usually, under average conditions, 
test 2 per cent sulphid sulphur. However, care should be 
taken not to make too great a dilution prior to testing. 

24. The lime-and-sulphur dip for sheep scabies is pre- 
pared in the same manner as for cattle scabies except that 
8 pounds of lump lime or 11 pounds of commercial hydrated 
lime (not air-slaked) should be used, and the solution 
should be diluted to test 1.5 per cent sulphid sulphur. 

25. The nicotin dip for .scabies of cattle or sheep is made 
with sufficient nicotin solution to give a mixture contain- 
ing not less than five one-hundredths of 1 per cent (0.05) 
nicotin and 2 per cent flowers of sulphur is added to pre- 



11 



vent reinfection. Sufficient nicotin would therefore be 
furnished for 96 gallons (about 800 pounds) of dip by 1 
pound of a 40 per cent solution of nicotin. The formula 
for this dip would be: Nicotin, four-tenths of a pound; 
flowers of sulphur, 16 pounds; water, 96 gallons. 

To calculate how much nicotin solution should be used 
for 96 gallons of water, divide the quantity of nicotin 
required in the dip by the proportion of nicotin in the 
solution. For example, suppose the nicotin solution con- 
tains 25 per cent nicotin, we have 0.40-5-0.25=1.6. There- 
fore in this case it would require 1.6 pounds of nicotin 
solution for the 96 gallons of dip. Do not use any prepara- 
tion the strength of which is not given on the label of the 
container. 

In preparing these dips the nicotin solution and sulphur 
should be mixed together with water before adding them 
to the water in the dipping vat and the contents of the vat 
should be stirred while the mixture is being added. The 
dip should on no account be heated above 105° F. after 
the rjicotin solution is added, as heat is liable to evaporate 
the nicotin and weaken the dip. 

Directions for testing dips. — 26. To test the lime- 
and-sulphur dip, mix bath well, let settle for a few min- 
utes, then fill a clean, dry graduate with bath, setting 
TOP edge of surface on the zero mark, and pour (draining 
out drops) into a clean, wide-mouthed bottle. 

Rinse graduate with clean water (or rinse with a little 
of the test fluid), shake out adhering drops, and, fill to zero 
mark with test fluid. 

While gently swirling bottle containing the bath pour 
in test fluid from the graduate until the yellow color of the 
bath becomes faint. Then let the contents of the bottle 
come to rest and gently drop on the surface one drop of 
indicator solution from the dropping bottle. Note if a 
violet color appears where the indicator solution mixed 
with the bath. If color appears add a little more test 
fluid from the graduate, mix, and test again with a drop 
of indicator solution. Continue this until a drop of indi- 



12 



cat or solution fails to produce any color, avoiding the 
addition of excess of test fluid. 

The number of cubic centimeters of test fluid added to 
just roach the point where color with indicator solution 
fails to appear represents tenths of 1 per cent of "sulphid 
sulphur " in the bath. 

Note. — The indicator solution should not be more than 
one week old. Prepare fresh solution by dissolving one 
"tablet for indicator solution" in 15 c. c, clean water in 
the bottle. Keep test fluid in glass-stoppered bottles 
only, and in a cool, dark place. 

27 . To test the nicotin dip, measure 100 c .c . of well-mixed 
bath into the "titration bottle" (8-ounce round bottle), 
rinse graduate, and then measure 100 c. c. of water into the 
same bottle. Add the contents of one paper of "precipi- 
tate reagent" to the liquid in the titration bottle, stopper, 
and shake vigorously for two minutes, then let settle 
quietly for two minutes more. 

Open out a large plaited filter in the glass funnel and 
support the latter in the mouth of the 100 c. c. graduate. 
Carefully pour the contents of the titration bottle onto the 
filter, leaving behind most of the froth and precipitate. 
Collect 100 c. c. of the filtrate. 

Rinse the titration bottle clean with water and pour 
into it the 100 c. c. of filtrate. Next add 10 c. c. (from the 
10 c. c. cylinder) of the "hydrochloric acid," stopper and 
shake well for a few seconds. Take out the stopper and 
touch it to a strip of ' ' test-paper. ' ' If the moistened paper 
does not show a deep blue color, add 2 c. c. more of hydro- 
chloric acid, shake, and test again, repeating with 2 c. c. 
of hydrochloric acid until a blue color is produced. 

Fill the "burette" with the red "test-fluid," run back 
a little through the stopcock into the bottle of test fluid 
(to remove air trapped in the stopcock), then adjust the 
level of test-fluid in the burette at the 0.000 mark. Now 
into the liquid in the titration bottle run out test fluid 
from the burette down to a mark indicating one or two hun- 
dredths per cent less than the hundredths of 1 per cent of 



13 



nicotin expected to be in the bath. Stopper the bottle 
and shake vigorously for two minutes. 

Open a small filter paper into a cone, grasp it by the 
triple-thick side between the thumb and forefinger, and 
fill it about one-third full with liquid from the titration 
bottle. Let the first five or six drops fall back into the 
titration bottle, then catch both cups of the black plate 
(which must be strictly clean and dry) level full of the 
filtered liquid, which must be perfectly clear. Pour any 
liquid left in the paper back into the bottle. Now into the 
liquid in one of the cups let fall from the dropper one 
drop of ' ' indicator solution . '•' Carefully observe the liquid 
in both cups, holding the plate in various lights. If no 
difference can be detected in the two cups after about 
half a minute, too much test fluid has been used and it is 
necessary to repeat the whole operation from the beginning, 
using less test fluid. If a white cloud appears in the cup 
to which the indicator solution was added, a further quan- 
tity of test fluid equivalent to 0.005 or 0.010 per cent 
nicotin (depending on the heaviness of the cloud) is to 
be added to the titration bottle, and the shaking and 
testing repeated. Proceed thus until, after the last addi- 
tion of test fluid, absolutely no cloud can be detected in 
the cup upon treating with indicator solution. The 
reading on the burette gives directly the per cent of nicotin 
in the bath. 

Note. — If measuring cylinders, etc., are wet, shake out 
adhering drops of water before using them. 

All the measurements are to be made with the top line 
of the curved surface (meniscus) of the liquid on the 
mark. 

The indicator solution is simply a little of the test fluid 
kept apart for convenience. 

Caution. — Great care to avoid contamination is neces- 
sary in making the test on the black plate. The fingers 
must be rinsed clean from bath, test fluid, etc., before 
touching the filter paper. Do not allow the latter to touch 
the mouth of the bottle or anything else except the clean 



14 

finger tips. Be sure the black plate is absolutely clean. 
Look very carefully for the white cloud which toward the 
end is only faint and may not be noticed at first. 

Frequent tests of dips required.— 28. Employees 
supervising the dipping of sheep and cattle should test 
the dip when the vat is charged or before dipping is com- 
menced and thereafter at sufficiently frequent intervals to 
insure maintaining the dip at the uniform standard 
strength. The contents of the vat should be well stirred 
before the test is made. It is sometimes necessary to 
allow a few animals to pass through the vat before the dip 
is well mixed. At vats where the operations are continu- 
ous throughout the day and large numbers of animals are 
being dipped the dip should be tested at least three times 
during the day. 

DIRECTIONS FOR DIPPING CATTLE. 

Immersion. — 29. When either the lime-and-sulphur or 
nicotin dip is used, the cattle should be completely sub- 
merged once, and the dip in the vat should be maintained 
at a depth sufficient to swim the tallest animal to be 
dipped. 

Affected cattle.— 30. Affected animals should receive 
special attention in the application of the treatment to 
the upper portions of the body where the lesions usually 
appear. This should be done by applying the dip to the 
neck, withers, and back from a bucket and thoroughly 
scrubbing these parts while the animals are in the chute 
prior to entering the vat. 

Exposed cattle.— 31. Cattle can only become exposed 
by coming in contact with infected animals or being 
closely confined in infected cars or premises. 

Time in vat, changing fluid, etc.— 32. Cattle visibly 
affected should be held in the dip from two to three min- 
utes and their heads submerged at least once for but an 
instant at a time, and assistance must be rendered imme- 
diately if they appear to be strangling. The best time to 
duck the head is while the animals are in the last third of 



15 



the swim. Cattle not visibly affected should remain in 
the dip a minimum period of one minute. The dip must 
be maintained at a temperature between 95° and 105° F. 
while the animals are in it. It should be changed as soon 
as it becomes filthy, regardless of the number of cattle 
dipped in it, and in no case should the dip in the vat be 
used again after it is 15 days old. In cleaning the vat 
the -entire contents must be removed, including all sedi- 
ment and droppings or other foreign matter. 

Handling cattle in vat. — 33. Men with dipping forks 
should be stationed along the vat to keep the animals 
completely submerged except the heads as they swim 
through. This may be done by placing the fork over the 
withers and pushing the animal under the dip. The cat- 
tle should be prevented from swimming through too soon 
by means of a holding gate, or in the event there is no 
such gate, the dipping forks may be used to retard their 
movement. 

Number of dippings required. — 34. Cattle visibly 
affected with scabies must be given two dippings with an 
interval of from 10 to 14 days between dippings. One 
dipping should be sufficient for cattle not visibly affected. 

DIRECTIONS FOR DIPPING SHEEP. 

Depth of dip in vat. — 35. The average depth of dip 
used in a dipping vat for sheep is from 40 to 48 inches 
and the amount of dip necessary to obtain that depth 
should be ascertained before preparing the dip. 

Time in vat, changing fluid, etc.— 36. Sheep classed 
as infected must be kept in the dip between two and 
three minutes, and those classed as exposed or free should 
remain in the dip at least one minute and the heads of all 
sheep dipped must be submerged at least once, though but 
for an instant at a time, and assistance rendered imme- 
diately if they appear to be strangling. The best time to 
duck the head is while they are in the last fourth of the 
vat. The dip must be maintained at a temperature be- 
tween 95° and 105° F. while the sheep are in it, and must 



16 



bo changed as soon as it becomes filthy, regardless of the 
number of sheep dipped, and in no case shall it be used 
again when more than 10 days old. In emptying the vat 
the entire contents must be removed, including all sedi- 
ment and droppings or other foreign matter. 

Use of dipping forks.— 37. Men with dipping forks 
should be stationed along the vat to prevent the sheep 
from swimming through too soon, and to push each sheep 
under the dip except head, as they pass them. If they are 
swimming through the vat too quickly, the men can hold 
them back with dipping forks. They should be held in 
bunches of 3 to 5, each man holding a bunch the neces- 
sary length of time, then passing them to the next man, 
pushing them well under the dip, except the head, as they 
swim past. Place the dipping fork over the front part 
of the shoulders, and gently but firmly push the sheep 
under the dip except the head. If properly done, the 
sheep will raise its head, so the neck can be well soaked 
without danger of strangling by pushing the head under. 

Sorting and hand dressing. — 38. All sheep that 
have hard, dry scab on them should be sorted from the 
flock and the diseased areas hand-dressed with some of 
the dip by rubbing the scab with a smooth stick or a brush 
as the dip is applied so as to moisten and soften the scab, 
but not severely enough to draw blood, as the blood will 
protect the mites from the effect of the dip. Allow these 
sheep to stand 30 to 60 minutes after hand dressing before 
putting them in the dipping vat. 

Number of dippings required. — 39. If the band of 
sheep is affected with scab a second dipping must be 
given at an interval of 10 to 14 days from the first one, to 
kill the mites hatched from the eggs not killed by the first 
dipping. If the band of sheep is not affected, but has 
only been exposed to the disease, one dipping should be 
sufficient. 

Drowning sheep. — 40. When sheep start to drown or 
become strangled in the dipping vat, it is often necessary 
to pull them out immediately to save them. Such sheep, 



17 



providing they have not remained in the vat the required 
length of time, should be returned to the pens and again 
dipped when they have sufficiently recovered. 
Difference between dipping sheep and lambs. — 11. 

As a rule the dip will penetrate the fleece of a lamb quicker 
than that of a full-grown sheep in full fleece. For this rea- 
son they should not be put into the dipping vat together, 
the grown sheep requiring the most time on account of the 
gum in the fleece. 

GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR DIPPING. 

Watering and feeding animals, — 42. Three to six 
hours before animals are dipped they should be watered 
and fed so they will not be hungry or thirsty at time of 
dipping. The floors of the dripping pens should be sloped 
or so arranged that the dip will drain away and not collect 
in pools from which the animals may drink. 

Soft water is better than hard water for dipping, but if 
it can not be obtained the hard water may be "softened" 
by the addition of sal soda or lye, but no more should be 
added than is required to "cut" the water. From 1 to 4 
pounds of sal soda to each 100 gallons of water is usually 
sufficient. 

Computing amount of dip required. — 43. In one 
gallon there are 231 cubic inches; multiply in inches the 
average length by the average breadth, the product by the 
depth, divided by 231, and the result will be the number 
of gallons. To obtain the average length of the vat add the 
length at the bottom to the length at the top of the dip and 
divide by 2 ; obtain the average width in the same manner. 
The depth should be taken at the center of the vat, and. 
should be from the bottom to water (or dip) line. Be sure 
to measure only the space filled by the dip and not above 
that line. The cooking tank should also be measured. 
It is convenient to have rods marked showing the number 
of gallons at various lengths. 

Freshly shorn sheep and short-wooled lambs will carry 
out and retain in the fleece from 1 to 2 quarts of dip; full- 



18 



fleeced fine-wool sheep take up as much as 2 gallons, and 
at late fall dipping the average medium-wool sheep will 
retain about 1 gallon. The average 1,000 pound short- 
haired steer will carry out and retain about 2 quarts of dip 
and the same class of cattle with long hair will retain 
about 1 gallon. The total estimated amount of dip which 
the animals carry out and retain plus the amount required 
to charge the vat should equal the total amount required 
if there is none lost by leakage. 

Mixing the dip. — 44. Mix the dip thoroughly in the 
dipping vat by stirring length wise in the vat, also irom 
top to bottom. A large hoe or stirring plunger is a good 
instrument to use in stirring. 

Temperature of dip. — 45. After the dip is thoroughly 
mixed, take the temperature at different parts of the vat; 
see that it is uniform, and if too hot or too cold add hot or 
cold water with proper proportion of dip until the right 
temperature for the dip is between 95° and 105° F., and it 
should be maintained at that temperature as nearly as 
possible and never over 105° F. To ascertain the tem- 
perature, take some of the dip out of the vat in a bucket, 
hold the thermometer in it, and read the temperature 
while the thermometer is in the fluid. 

Injuries in chutes and vat. — 46. Do not have any 
projecting boards, nails, etc. , in the pens or chutes or cross- 
pieces or projecting timbers in the vat where animals may 
strike them and be wounded or bruised. 

Daylight inspection required. — 47. Inspection of 
animals should not be made before sunrise in the morning 
or after sunset in the evening, and in no case should in- 
spections be made by artificial light. 

Points to remember. — 48. Remember that it is just 
as important to do thorough work with the last animals 
dipped as with the first ones. 

The two essential things are a reliable dip properly pre- 
pared of proper strength and the thorough soaking of the 
entire fleece or all of the hair with the dip. 



19 



Select good weather for dipping, particularly avoiding 
wet weather. 

Do not dip too late in the afternoon, when the nights are 
chilly. 

Do not hold animals off feed and water longer than can 
be avoided. 

Do not have the incline of the vat so steep that animals 
can not climb it easily. 

Have suitable dripping pens and drying corrals and do 
not load animals in car until they have become dry. 

Handle animals as carefully as possible, and the causes 
of shrinkage in dipping will be avoided to a great extent. 

Animals that are in good condition will stand the dip- 
ping very well, even when the weather is quite cold. 

Subsequent classification of dipped animals.— 49. 
Infected animals dipped twice in accordance with regula- 
tions will be regarded as free unless live mites are found 
on them or unless they are exposed after 3 days subsequent 
to the last dipping by coming in contact with infectious 
premises, inclosures, or otherwise. However, if dipped 
sheep after they are dry mingle with infected sheep 
they should be classed as infected; if dipped cattle so 
mingle they should be classed as exposed. If either 
dipped cattle or sheep are closely confined after they are 
dry in infectious pens, cars, or other inclosures they 
should be regarded as exposed. 

Diverting shipments of clean cattle. — 50. In cases 
where a shipper wishes to divert part of a shipment of clean 
cattle or sheep to a point other than that mentioned on 
either the billing or the bureau certificate of inspection 
covering the same, it may be done without reinspection 
if the stock are not unloaded, provided the bureau em- 
ployee or the railway agent at the point of diversion 
shall note over his own signature on the billing accompany- 
ing the animals so diverted the number of the bureau 
certificate, the date of same, and the name of the inspector 
by whom it was issued. A further notation should be 
made on the original certificate indicating the numbers 



20 



and initials of the cars, and the number of head of stock 
so diverted as well as their destination. The notations 
above required to be made on the new billing will stand 
in lieu of the original certificate, which should accompany 
the remainder of the shipment to the destination originally 
mentioned. (See sec. 59 hereinafter.) 

REPORTING INSPECTIONS AND DIPPINGS FOR SCABIES. 

In order that all cattle and sheep handled at points 
where inspection is maintained by this bureau, as well 
as all those inspected in the field, may be examined 
for scabies and that the work connected therewith may 
be uniformly and accurately reported, the following 
instructions will be observed: 

F. I. forms to use.— 51. The F.I. Form 24 series should 
be used in reporting all inspections and dippings of sheep. 
The F. I. Form 48 series should be used for like purpose 
in reporting cattle. F. I. Forms 24-A and 48- A are to be 
used for reporting dippings and 24-B and 48-B for report- 
ing inspections of sheep and cattle respectively. 

Reinspections. — 52. No distinction should be made 
between " inspections" and "reinspections." They 
should all be reported as " inspections," but reference 
should be made to former inspections when possible. 

Separate reports for each lot.— 53. Each lot of cattle 
or sheep dipped for scabies should be promptly and 
carefully reported on the proper forms — F. I. 48-A for 
cattle and F. I. 24-A for sheep — by the employee super- 
vising the same. Separate slips should be used for each 
condition (infected, exposed, or free). If the animals 
dipped are infected and have been previously inspected 
by a bureau employee during the calendar year then 
current, the report of dipping should refer briefly to the 
report of previous inspection; thus " Smith, 6/28/04." 
The report of a second dipping should always refer to 
the date of the first dipping. When one employee makes 
the inspection and another supervises the dipping the 
former should report tfye " inspections" and the latter 
the "dipping." 



21 



Notice of shipment under certificate. — 54. Notice 
of shipments of cattle or sheep under bureau certificate, 
in placarded cars, should be promptly forwarded on F. I. 
Form 48-B for cattle and F. I. Form 24-B for sheep to 
the proper bureau representative at unloading points 
in transit and at destination in order that the notice may 
arrive prior to receipt of the animals. Such report should 
give full information as required by the forms. Such 
notices should be filed in the office of the inspector to 
whom they are addressed. 

Infected animals dipped once. — 55. When infected 
animals are shipped after one dipping under the super- 
vision of an employee of the bureau, they must be handled 
as "infected" and so reported by employees at unloading 
stations in transit and at destination. 

Separate reports for each certificate. — 56. When 
one owner has separate lots of animals inspected or dipped 
and a certificate (F. I. Form 24 or 48) is issued for each 
lot, a separate report should be made of the animals covered 
by each certificate. 

Employees working together.— 57. When two or 
more employees work together in the inspection or dipping 
of the same animals, but one set of reports should be made, 
and these should be signed by each employee. 

Care in making reports. — 58. All reports (F. I. Forms 
24-A, 24-B, 48-A, and 48-B) must be executed with 
care, and special attention should be given to the follow- 
ing entries: 

(a) Location of animals. — The town or station and State 
where the inspection is made or the dipping supervised 
must be given. If not at or near a station, then the 
county, State, and locality must be designated. Where 
animals are infected, the owner's name and correct address 
must always be given, and also the origin of the animals, 
or the place where they became infected; this informa- 
tion, if possible, should include the county as well as the 
town and State. 






22 



(b) Date of report. — The date of the report should be 
the same as the date on which the inspection is made or 
dipping supervised, and, if the inspection and dipping of 
one lot of animals should require more than one day, all the 
dates should be given. 

(c) Number and condition of animals. — The number of 
animals inspected or dipped should be entered on the line 
corresponding with the condition (infected, exposed, or 
free) of the animals at the time the inspection is made 
or dipping supervised. 

(d) Kind of dip used. — When reporting a dipping, the 
kind of dip used must be stated under either of the follow- 
ing classes: Nicotin and sulphur, abbreviated thus, N. & 
S.; lime and sulphur, abbreviated thus, L. & S. Trade 
names of dips must not appear on reports. 

(e) Number of dippings. — Each report of dipping should 
be made to show which dipping it covers by crossing out 
the words "1st dipping" or "2d dipping," or by crossing 
out both " 1st" and " 2d " and inserting " 3d " when neces- 
sary. 

(/) When animals change owners. — Whenever a band or 
herd of infected animals changes owners between inspec- 
tion and last dipping, mention of the former owner should 
always be made on later reports. 

Unloading and diverting in transit. — 59. More than 
one certificate covering the same animals must not be 
outstanding at the same time. When a certified ship- 
ment is unloaded in transit and is divided and reconsigned 
to different points, or when for any cause the point of des- 
tination is changed after a shipment has gone forward, 
new certificates should be issued only after a careful rein- 
spec tion of the animals. In all such cases the employee 
who issues new certificates should take up the old ones 
and attach them to the report covering his own inspection 
of the animals. (See sec. 50 herein.) 

Certificates and duplicates. — 60. When a certificate 
is issued a duplicate should be properly filled out and 
signed at the same time, and when all the certificates in 



23 



a book have been issued the book of duplicates should be 
forwarded to the inspector or officer in charge, who will 
retain them in his office. Sheep should be certified on 
F. I. Form 24, and cattle on F. I. Form 48, and when ship- 
ment is made the certificate must be attached to the bill- 
ing accompanying the shipment. 

Detection of disease in transit. — 61. When a ship- 
ment of cattle or sheep is found, whether in transit or at 
destination, to be affected with scabies, the inspector at 
the point where the disease is detected should immediately 
forward notices of the condition of the animals to the proper 
State official and to the inspector in charge of the district 
in which the shipment originated. Such notices should 
be prepared on F. I. Form 24-B for sheep and F. I Form 
48-B for cattle and mailed as early as possible, in order to 
facilitate the prompt disinfection of the yards and pens 
through which the animals were handled. In such cases 
the report (F. I. Form 24-B or 48-B) sent to the Washing- 
ton office should bear a notation indicating that notices 
were given as above directed. Care should be taken by 
those having the matter in charge to see that the above 
instructions are always complied with. 

Yards and pens. — 62. The cleaning and disinfection 
of yards and pens should be reported promptly on a sepa- 
rate F. I. Form 24-B. 

TO INSPECTORS IN CHARGE AT STATIONS. 

All sheep and cattle received at stations each day should 
be inspected for scabies and reported in the manner 
described in the following three sections (Nos. 63, 64, and 
65): 

Infected animals received at stations.— 63. One 
report should be made on F. I. Form 24-B to cover each 
shipment of infected sheep; also a separate 48-B report 
should be made to cover the number of visibly affected 
cattle in each consignment received. In cases where such 
infected animals have been previously inspected by a 
bureau employee during the calendar year then current, 



24 



that fact should be noted on the report, giving the name 
of the employee and the number of the certificate issued 
by him, thus, "Smith 58979," or if no certificate was 
issued, thus, "Smith 6/15/04." 

Exposed and free animals received at stations.— 
64. A record should be kept to cover the receipt each day 
of the whole number of exposed cattle, free cattle, exposed 
sheep, and free sheep. The data contained in this record 
should be used in the preparation of F. I. Form 24-C and 
F. I. Form 48-C reports. 

In preparing the monthly F. I. Form 24-C and 48-C 
reports, care should be exercised to enter correctly the 
daily inspections and dippings, and all totals should be 
verified. In reporting the number of certificates, the 
number issued during the month and also the serial num- 
bers so issued should be given. If the report covers 
eradication work in the field as well as at the station, such 
notation should be made on the F. I. Form 24-C or 48-C. 
These reports should be mailed to the Washington office 
as soon as possible after the close of the month. 

Sheep pens to be kept clean. — 65. Those portions of 
public stockyards used for the reception of uninfected 
shipments of sheep should be cleaned and disinfected each 
time after the introduction of infected sheep ; and in any 
event they should be cleaned and disinfected at least once 
each year. The entire section set aside for free sheep 
should be cleaned and disinfected as rapidly as possible 
after the work is started. The time selected for this work 
should be the season when the receipts are lightest. 

IMMUNIZATION AND MOVEMENT OF SWINE AT 
PUBLIC STOCKYARDS. 

Inspection. — 66. All swine offered for immunization 
should be inspected for symptoms of contagious or com- 
municable diseases, and any animal or animals found 
affected should be rejected. No animal of a lot in which 
symptoms of cholera are found should be treated. The 
temperatures of all swine passed on physical examination 






o; 



should be taken and any animal showing a temperature of 
105° F. or over should not be treated; however, if there are 
no other symptoms of cholera present in the lot the tem- 
peratures of the animals rejected may be again taken the 
following day, when if they are normal they may be treated 
if free from symptoms of disease. 

Treatment. — 67. Treatment must be administered by 
a qualified veterinarian under the personal supervision of 
an employee of the Bureau of Animal Industry. The 
field of injection should be disinfected by the application 
of tincture of iodin or other suitable disinfectant. The 
dose of serum stated on the label of the container should 
be increased 10 per cent when used on swine in public 
stockyards. Only serum and virus prepared under license 
issued by the Secretary of Agriculture may be used, and 
a record must be kept of the license and serial number of 
all serum and virus used. 

Proper facilities consisting of a chute or small pens should 
be provided for restraining the animals while temperatures 
are being taken or injections made. A dipping vat or 
approved spraying facilities should be provided for the 
disinfection of the animals after they are treated. The 
part of the yards set aside for immunizing swine should be 
paved or have floors of such nature that they may be kept 
in a sanitary condition. This section of the yards should 
be divided into two parts in such manner that the injected 
animals may be moved directly from the treating pens or 
ehute through the dipping vat or approved spraying equip- 
ment into the holding pens. The holding pens should be 
cleaned and disinfected once each day when used. Swine 
being given the simultaneous treatment should be held 
in a separate portion of the yards set aside for that purpose 
and during the interval held they should not be placed in 
the holding pens set aside for immunized swine. 

Disinfection. — 68. Before immunized swine are re- 
moved from the yards for purposes other than immediate 
slaughter they must be disinfected by dipping or spraying 
in 2 per cent solution of cresol compound or a permitted 



26 



brand of "saponified cresol solution." The temperature 
of the dip or spraying solution should range between 65° 
and 85° F. while the dip is being used. It should be 
changed as soon as it becomes filthy, regardless of the num- 
ber of animals which have been in it, and in no case shall 
it be used again after it is 30 days old. 

Movement. — 69. The disinfected swine should be 
loaded within 24 hours after disinfection is completed, but 
they should not be loaded until after a lapse of at least 3 
hours subsequent to disinfection and in no case until they 
are dry. The work should be so arranged that the animals 
will be shipped on the day they are dipped. 

Reporting. — 70. Immunized swine moving insterstate 
should be accompanied by a certificate, F. I. Form 12. 
Each lot of swine treated shall be reported on a separate 
F. I. Form 12-A classifying the animals as "exposed." 

LIP-AND-LEG ULCERATION OF SHEEP. 

71. Sheep should be considered as affected with the ac- 
tive or virulent form of lip-and-leg ulceration when more 
than one tissue is involved, as the lips and feet, or where 
the ulcerations are extensive and accompanied by con- 
siderable pus formation. (See regulation 1, sec. 2.) 

CLEANING, DISINFECTING, AND REPORTING 

CARS. 

72. In providing equipment for the cleaning and disin- 
fection of cars arrangements should be made so the cars 
may be washed with water prior to the application of the 
disinfectant, after which they should be treated with a 
permitted disinfectant. (See regulation 1, sec. 6.) 

73. All cars which under the regulations require clean- 
ing and disinfection should be promptly reported to the 
Washington office on F. I. Form 62 from destinations, or 
from points in transit at which their loads are transferred 
to other cars, or from points to which such cars are billed 
for cleaning and disinfection when facilities for such are 
not provided at destination. 



27 

74. In the column headed ''Nature of infection," 
abbreviate as follows: sheep scabies, SS; cattle scabies, 
CS; hog cholera, HC; Texas fever, TF; all other infections 
should be named in full. 

75. The common carrier delivering shipments to the 
unloading chutes or platforms should as a rule be held 
responsible for the cleaning and disinfection of the cars. 
When this is not done other specific arrangements must 
be made in accordance with the regulations so that both 
the inspector and the carrier will always know where the 
responsibility rests. 

76. F. I. Form 62-A should be rendered to the Wash- 
ington office each day that one or more infectious cars are 
disinfected or billed for disinfection at another point or 
are removed without disinfection or without due arrange- 
ments therefor. The initials of the employee super- 
vising the cleaning and disinfection should be in the 
lower left-hand corner of F. I. Form 62-A, and if this form 
is prepared by another employee his initials should be on 
the upper left-hand corner. 

77. In the column headed ' ' Disposal, ' ' abbreviate as fol- 
lows: Cleaned and disinfected, C&D; cleaned, washed, and 
disinfected, CW&D; sealed and billed (to East Buffalo, for 
instance) and inspector notified, S&BEast Buffalo IN. 
In the column preceding the space provided for disposal, 
the cause of disinfection should be shown by abbrevia- 
tions used in section 74. In case the cleaning and dis- 
infection is done at the request of Canadian, State, or 
railroad officials a notation to that effect should be made 
in this column. 

78. The employee supervising the work of cleaning and 
disinfecting cars should make a record of the numbers 
and initials of the cars cleaned and disinfected from the 
cars and not from the railroad records, and such lists should 
be checked by again comparing with the numbers and 
initials on the cars. On account of the similarity of car 
initials and numbers of the various railroads, the F. I. 



28 

Form 62-A reports must show car initials in full instead 
of abbreviations, reporting marks, and nicknames. 

79. When a car reported on F. I. Form 62 as received or 
on F. I. Form 62-A as cleaned and disinfected is not a 
<rock car, the class to which it belongs, as "box," "gon- 
dola,' 5 etc., must be clearly indicated on the report. 

80. As soon as it is ascertained that any car is infectious 
an F. I. Form 57 card should be securely attached to 
each side of the car if same does not already bear a placard 
indicating that the car must be cleaned and disinfected, 
and the proper railroad official should be immediately 
notified that the car must be cleaned and disinfected 
under bureau supervision. Notices given over the tele- 
phone must be confirmed in writing. In case an infectious 
car is removed prior to receipt of notice by the railroad 
officials, such car should be located and cleaned and dis- 
infected in accordance with the regulations. If, after 
proper notice has been given, infectious cars are removed 
prior to cleaning and disinfecting, a report should be 
immediately rendered on F. I. Form 62-A, giving full 
information, including the nature of infection, date and 
hour of notice served, date and hour of removal of car, 
and whether car was carded with F. I. Form 57. 

81. F. I. Form 62-D should be rendered on the 1st and 
15th of each month, giving a list of all infectious cars 
reported on F. I. Form 62 and not reported on F. I. Form 
62-A, provided that no car should be included unless it 
was received 15 days or more prior to date of rendering 
62-D. A separate report should be rendered for each rail- 
road company responsible for the disinfection of cars. In 
case there are no such cars the report should be rendered 
bearing the notation, "No delinquent cars." 

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